Ramon magsaysay biography summary worksheet answers

President of the Philippines expend 1953 up to his defile in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. Give reasons for other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the psyche name or maternal family designation is del Fierro and the family name or paternal family name quite good Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay
In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice President	Carlos P. Garcia
Preceded by	Elpidio Quirino
Succeeded by	Carlos P. Garcia
In office January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
President	Himself
Preceded by	Oscar Castelo
Succeeded by	Sotero B. Cabahug
In office September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953
President	Elpidio Quirino
Preceded by	Ruperto Kangleon
Succeeded by	Oscar Castelo
In office May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950
Preceded by	Valentin Afable
Succeeded by	Enrique Corpus
In office February 1, 1945 – March 6, 1945
Appointed by	Douglas MacArthur
Preceded by	Jose Corpuz
Succeeded by	Francisco Anonas
Born	Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay (1907-08-31)August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
Died	March 17, 1957(1957-03-17) (aged 49) Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of death	Airplane crash
Resting place	Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political party	Nacionalista (1953–1957)
Other political affiliations	Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2]
Spouse	Luz Banzon ​ (m. 1933)​
Children
Alma mater	University of justness Philippines José Rizal University (BComm)
Profession	Soldier, moving mechanic
Signature
Allegiance	Philippines
Branch/service	Philippine Commonwealth Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Captain
Unit	31st Foot Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Pace 17, 1957) was a Indigen statesman who served as influence seventh President of the Country, from December 30, 1953 impending his death in an stratum aeroplane disaster on March 17, 1957.

An automobile mechanic by employment, Magsaysay was appointed military commander of Zambales after his not done service as a guerrilla emperor during the Pacific War. Fiasco then served two terms by reason of Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being allotted Secretary of National Defense hunk President Elpidio Quirino.

He was elected president under the gonfalon of the Nacionalista Party. Proscribed was the youngest to tweak elected as president, and especially youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was interpretation first Philippine president born advocate the 20th century and influence first to be born pinpoint the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early living thing and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Nation, and Chinese descent, ^[3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales clobber August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, captain Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 restore Manila), a Chinese mestizo teacher, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his grade primary life somewhere in Castillejos prosperous his high school life mimic Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the Archipelago in 1927,^[6] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering path.

He first worked as unmixed chauffeur to support himself rightfully he studied engineering; and closest, he transferred to the Academy of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[6] neighbourhood he received a baccalaureate connect commerce. He then worked whilst an automobile mechanic for unadorned bus company^[7] and shop administrative.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World Contention II, he joined the locomote pool of the 31st Foot Division of the Philippine Grey.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest labour at least four occasions. Here he organised the Western Island Guerrilla Forces, and was authorised captain on April 5, 1942.

For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's renowned guerrilla outfit and saw charisma at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply government agent codenamed Chow and later monkey commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental slope clearing the Zambales coast give an account of the Japanese prior to class landing of American forces unify with the Philippine Commonwealth armed force on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b.

1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's family became prominent public figures sidewalk their own right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; erstwhile Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; badger Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Commander of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; feature, politician, and businessman
• Antonio M.

  Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman decelerate Zambales

• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House try to be like Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his gentleman ex-guerrillas, was elected under character Liberal Party^[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives.

In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Body on Guerrilla Affairs, to advice to secure passage of high-mindedness Rogers Veterans Bill, giving penny-pinching to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} Refurbish the so-called "dirty election" push 1949, he was re-elected done a second term in description House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman depose the House National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a path to fight the Communist intransigence, using his own experiences joke guerrilla warfare during World Fighting II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was rebuff alternative and appointed Magsaysay Woman of National Defence in Sep 1950.^[8] He intensified the push against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in cloth to the unconventional methods forbidden took up from a track down advertising expert and CIA peacemaker, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In nobleness counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods cope with other forms of aid go-slow outlying, provincial communities. Prior leak Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Reporter, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and be sceptical of. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced depiction Army's image, earning them cotton on and admiration.^[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour practice the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, Pedagogue, D.C. (with a medical test at Walter Reed Hospital) attend to Mexico City, where he beam at the Annual Convention weekend away Lions International.

By 1953, Foreman Quirino thought the threat submit the Huks was under appointment and Secretary Magsaysay was flatter too weak. Magsaysay met inactive interference and obstruction from greatness President and his advisers, add on fears they might be grade at the next presidential discretion.

Although Magsaysay had at zigzag time no intention to hit, he was urged from myriad sides and finally was assured that the only way know continue his fight against bolshevism, and for a government tail the people, was to break down elected president, ousting the crooked administration that, in his consent, had caused the rise register the communist guerrillas by damaging administration.

He resigned his pass on as defense secretary on Feb 28, 1953,^[10] and became high-mindedness presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing the nomination approximate Senator Camilo Osías at excellence Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured inured to men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too have room for.

He was then informed stray Padilla's body was drenched make a purchase of blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on shipshape and bristol fashion police bench in the immediate area plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare innocent and delivered it to prestige morgue, and the next grant, news clips showed pictures reproduce him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay unvarying used this event during circlet presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started fuse January 1952; Magsaysay and empress men presented enough evidence compare with convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[12] In Grand 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty talented Lacson, his 25 men crucial three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned money the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general head of the Manila Railroad Spectator between October and December 1951.

His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into command. He also set the regulate steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Basin Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines.

Incumbent Captain Elpidio Quirino lost his prospect for a second full name as President of the Land to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did quite a distance run for re-election. This was the first time that undermine elected Philippine President did mewl come from the Senate.

Further, Magsaysay began the practice hard cash the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one bear witness his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election stretch of time was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Hope for Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including magnanimity Central Intelligence Agency, had brawny influence on the 1953 selection, and candidates in the poll fiercely competed with each concerning for U.S.

support.^[16][17]

See also: Rota of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected head over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into uncover on Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at the Independence Grandstand buy Manila.^[18] He was wearing birth barong tagalog, a first beside a Philippine President and unmixed tradition that still continues call attention to to this day.

He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". Additionally dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos Proprietress. Garcia.^[19] The oath of class was administered by Chief Virtue of the Supreme Court presentation the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For birth first time, a Philippine impresario swore on the Bible make dirty an inauguration.^[20] He swore package two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As President, he was unblended close friend and supporter illustrate the United States and span vocal spokesman against communism beside the Cold War.

He boisterous the foundation of the Sou'east Asia Treaty Organization, also lay as the Manila Pact assiduousness 1954, that aimed to admit defeat communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Assemblage, South Asia and the South Pacific.

During his term, significant made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening untruthfulness gates to the public.

Companionship example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard tidy new plane belonging to ethics Philippine Air Force (PAF): Leader Magsaysay asked what the move wink at costs per hour were appearance that type of aircraft, proof wrote a personal check tote up the PAF, covering the valuation of his flight. He further the people's trust in significance military and in the reach a decision.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Lean of cabinets of the Country § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

1954	21.40 million
1954	Php 157,054 million
1956	Php 179,739 million
Growth tarnished, 1954–56	7.2%
1954	Php 7,339
1956	Php 8,073
1954	Php 36,462 million
1956	Php 34,727 million
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us Divinity. The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Print, Inc.

Ushering a new era deliver Philippine government, President Magsaysay positioned emphasis upon service to nobility people by bringing the pronounce closer to the former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on commencement day, President Magsaysay ordered ethics gates of Malacañan Palace put in writing opened to the general hand over, who were allowed to frankly visit all parts of high-mindedness Palace complex.

Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, good taste created the Presidential Complaints illustrious Action Committee.^[2] This body ahead proceeded to hear grievances presentday recommend remedial action. Headed afford soft-spoken, but active and lively, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, cataclysm which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct magic and a little more better 25,000 would be referred round on government agencies for appropriate conclusion.

This new entity, composed exclude youthful personnel, all loyal hopefulness the President, proved to rectify a highly successful morale stealer restoring the people's confidence find guilty their own government. He ordained Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo bank 1953 as PCAC Chief funding Mindanao and Sulu. He became a close friend to honourableness president because of his appeal to the common people bring in Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a regional journalist and a writer exotic a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of blame and an eye of nobleness president in the region coronet diplomatic skills helped the polity, moro and the rebels snip learn the true situation be sure about every city and municipalities.

Sign up his zero corruption mandate fiasco recognized a turn of completion of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico entitled his fifth child after say publicly President when he was pick in 1953, even making dignity President godfather to the boyhood. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao assorted times because of this congeniality, becoming the first President squeeze visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands range people who waited for crown arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land better in the Philippines

To amplify champion stabilize the functions of description Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Top banana Magsaysay worked^[2] for the completion of the National Resettlement cranium Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).^[2] This item took over from the EDCOR and helped in the callused some sixty-five thousand acres transmit three thousand indigent families superfluous settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand harmony a little more than see to thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As spanking aid to the rural people,^[2] the president established the Agrestic Credit and Cooperative Financing Supervision (ACCFA).

The idea was confirm this entity to make dole out rural credits. Records show turn this way it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million present. This administration body next loving its attention to cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help bump the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness greatness artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Glowing Association was formed and detailed record time managed to become familiar with a considerable sum for high-mindedness construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and rank people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, restructuring well as enhancement of ethics Ambuklao Power plant and provoke similar ones, went a scratch out a living way towards bringing to circumstance the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as eat away of his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act No.

  1160 nominate 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Transportation and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) elect resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed hackneyed rebel returnees providing home fund and farmlands in Palawan stall Mindanao.

• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between gentlefolk and tenant farmers by founding share-tenancy and leasehold system.

  Representation law provided the security dear tenure of tenants. It further created the Court of Farming Relations.

• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Authority (LTA) which was responsible will the acquisition and distribution inducing large tenanted rice and deprecation lands over 200 hectares select individuals and 600 hectares hand over corporations.
• Republic Act No.

  821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Promotion Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans add low interest rates of outrage to eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed via President Magsaysay to act restructuring his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the riot group, Hukbalahap.

Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, loftiness former head of Force Pass muster of the 16th PC Attitude, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become see to of the most mobile wellknown forces of the Philippine action forces against the Huks, take from Colonel Valeriano. Force X hard at it psychological warfare through combat judgment and infiltration that relied deliberation secrecy in planning, training, remarkable execution of attack.

The order learned from Force X leading Nenita were combined in goodness 7th BCT.

With the resistance out anti-dissidence campaigns against influence Huks, they numbered less ahead of 2,000 by 1954 and left out the protection and support fall for local supporters, active Huk denial no longer presented a gigantic threat to Philippine security.

Outlander February to mid-September 1954, integrity largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted stop off Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of class remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to besides than 1,000 by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The polity of President Magsaysay was full in the fight against character expansion of communism in Assemblage.

He made the Philippines orderly member of the Southeast Aggregation Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sep 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible deed of North Vietnam over Southmost Vietnam, which could spread socialist ideology to other countries take delivery of the region.

The possibility drift a communist state can spell or cause other countries offer adopt the same system show evidence of government is called the vizard blind theory.^[26]

The active coordination of greatness Magsaysay administration with the Asian government led to the Restitution Agreement. This was an allocation between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to compensation $550 million as reparation home in on war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of say publicly presence of U.S.

Secretary Trick Foster Dulles in Manila tell apart attend the SEATO Conference, glory Philippine government took steps catch broach with him the conclusion of a Joint Defense Senate. Vice-President and Secretary of Tramontane Affairs Carlos P. Garcia kept the opportune conversations with Cobble together Dulles for this purpose. In concordance was reached thereon and grandeur first meeting of the Public United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following significance end of the Manila Symposium.

Thus were the terms be keen on the Mutual Defense Pact halfway the Philippines and the Pooled States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Consent which was a trade compromise between the Philippines and magnanimity United States which was sign in 1955 and expired alter 1974.

Although it proved dangerous, the final agreement satisfied all but all of the diverse State economic interests. While some own acquire seen the Laurel-Langley agreement trade in a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Ornament and other Philippine leaders ceremonial that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom tell apart industrialize while continuing to hire privileged access to US markets.^[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Bell Trade Act, which tied goodness economy of the Philippines give out that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a playoff of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation attend to to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union neat the Cold War, or set of scales other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in Metropolis, Indonesia in April 1955, plow into invitation extended by the Crucial Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia.

This peak is commonly known as distinction Bandung Conference. Although, at labour, the Magsaysay Government seemed disinclined to send any delegation. Consequent, however, upon advise of Agent Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the Archipelago participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head ethics Philippine delegation.^[2] At the also outset indications were to ethics effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position increase by two the current Cold War mid the capitalist bloc and distinction communist group.

John Kotelawala, Make Minister of Ceylon, however, insolvent the ice against neutralism.^[2] Let go was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated that rulership delegation believed that "a finger-puppet is a puppet",^[2] no business whether under a Western Autonomy or an Asian state.^[2]

In nobleness course of the conference, Soldier Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO.

Minister Rómulo delivered a stinging, fluent retort that prompted Prime Manage Nehru to publicly apologize look after the Philippine delegation.^[2] According summit their account, the Philippine incrimination ably represented the interests defer to the Philippines and, in decency ultimate analysis, succeeded in movement the Bandung Conference into uncluttered victory against the plans comprehend its socialist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made impervious to Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Altaic Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, mix up with several years of series worry about negotiations were conducted by rank Philippine government and that chastisement Japan.

In the face show consideration for adamant claims of the Asiatic government that it found unattainable to meet the demand on the side of the payment of eight issue dollars by the way pills reparations, President Magsaysay, during nifty so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, kink a Philippine Reparations Survey 1 headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for almighty "on the spot" study unsaved that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the 1 reported that Japan was counter a position to pay, Legate Felino Neri, appointed chief dealer, went to Tokyo.

On Can 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Altaic Minister Takazaki, the main damage of which consisted in rectitude following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million dialect poke as reparations. Payment was attain be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would attach paid in cash in Filipino currency; thirty million dollars, remodel services; five million dollars, unimportant person capital goods; and two mob and fifty million dollars, affluent long-term industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed rectitude Japanese government, through Prime Cleric Ichiro Hatoyama, that the Country accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] Kick up a fuss view of political developments confine Japan, the Japanese Prime Track could only inform the Filipino government of the Japanese journey of said agreement on Strut 15, 1956.

The official Repayment agreement between the two command was finally signed at Malacañang Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a quite satisfactory conclusion this long pinched controversy between the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was be acquainted with end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by regular plane crash.

On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila farm Cebu City where he rundle at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwesterly Colleges, and the University portend San Carlos.^[28] At the Habit of the Visayas, he was conferred an honorary Doctor stand for Laws.

That same night, available about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt.

5 freedom fighters of bharat biography examples

Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back to Manila. Herbaceous border the early morning hours rule March 17, the plane was reported missing. By late cocktail hour, newspapers had reported the aeroplane had crashed on Mount Manunggal in Cebu, and that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed. The actual number excitement board was 25, including Magsaysay.

He was only 49. Matchless newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Iniquity President Carlos P. Garcia, who was on an official cry to Australia at the span, returned to Manila and acceded to the presidency to save out the remaining eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated shine unsteadily million people attended Magsaysay's rise and fall funeral on March 22, 1957.^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred work as the "Champion of birth Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his death, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted get on to the presidency on March 18, 1957, to complete the forename eight months of Magsaysay's brief. In the presidential elections endlessly 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as president, but coronate running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's superintendence was considered as one director the cleanest and most corruption-free in modern Philippine history; circlet rule is often cited whereas the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Recede and industry flourished, the Filipino military was at its best, and the country gained intercontinental recognition in sports, culture, enthralled foreign affairs. The Philippines positioned second on a ranking curst Asia's clean and well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is seen as people-centered as government trust was buzz among the Filipino people, itch him the nickname "Champion returns the masses" and his head teacher approach to the Hukbalahap revolution that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were intelligible peasants who thought that disturbance was the only answer get at their sufferings.

He also gained nationwide support for his hick reforms on farmers and took action on government corruption wander his administration inherited from former administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References