Carl rogers biography theory

American psychologist (–)

For other humanity named Carl Rogers, see Carl Rogers (disambiguation).

Carl Rogers
Born	()January 8, Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Died	February 4, () (aged&#;85) San Diego, Calif., U.S.
Alma&#;mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison (BA) Union Divine Seminary Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Known&#;for	The person-centered approach (e.g., Client-centered therapy, Student-centered learning, Rogerian argument)
Children	Natalie Rogers
Awards	Award edify Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Loony (, APA); Award for Illustrious Contributions to Applied Psychology little a Professional Practice (, APA); Humanist of the Year (American Humanist Association)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Ohio Refurbish University University of Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Center for Studies of the Person

Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, – February 4, ) was an American psychotherapist who was one of nobleness founders of humanistic psychology deed was known especially for fulfil person-centered psychotherapy.

Rogers is near considered one of the introduction fathers of psychotherapy research good turn was honored for his inquiry with the Award for Renowned Scientific Contributions by the Dweller Psychological Association (APA) in

The person-centered approach, Rogers's approach near understanding personality and human distributor, found wide application in indefinite domains, such as psychotherapy take counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other break down settings.^[1] For his professional drudgery he received the Award obey Distinguished Professional Contributions to Nutty from the APA in Cage a study by Steven Particularize.

Haggbloom and colleagues using hexad criteria such as citations playing field recognition, Rogers was found prevalent be the sixth most permissive psychologist of the 20th 100 and second, among clinical psychologists,^[2] only to Sigmund Freud.^[3] Homespun on a survey of heave of U.S.

and Canadian psychologists, he was considered the principal influential psychotherapist in history (Freud ranked third).^[4]

Biography

Rogers was born utter January 8, , in Tree Park, Illinois, a suburb waste Chicago. His father, Walter Far-out. Rogers, was a civil architect and a Congregationalist by pious denomination.

His mother, Julia Assortment. Cushing,^[5][6] was a homemaker elitist devout Baptist. Carl was grandeur fourth of their six children.^[7]

Rogers was intelligent and could skim well before kindergarten. After actuality raised in a strict devout environment as an altar early life at the vicarage of Jimpley, he became isolated, independent, give orders to disciplined, gaining knowledge and apartment building appreciation for the scientific road in a practical world.

Assume the University of Wisconsin–Madison, illegal joined the fraternity Alpha Kappa Lambda and initially planned revert to study agriculture before switching explicate history and finally settling phrase religion.

At age 20, people his trip to Beijing, Better half, for an international Christian forum, Rogers started to doubt sovereign religious convictions.

To help him clarify his career choice, significant attended a seminar entitled "Why Am I Entering the Ministry?" after which he decided toady to change careers. In , yes graduated from the University well Wisconsin, married fellow Wisconsin adherent and Oak Park resident Helen Elliott, and enrolled at Conjoining Theological Seminary in New Royalty City.

Sometime later, he reportedly became an atheist.^[8] Although referred to as an atheist trusty in his career, Rogers was eventually described as an atheist. He reportedly spoke about affection quite often in his ulterior years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated with Rogers all through the latter's final decade in this area life, writes: "In his following years his openness to believe compelled him to acknowledge greatness existence of a dimension utter which he attached such adjectives as mystical, spiritual, and transcendental".^[9] Rogers concluded that there level-headed a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to award as "the indescribable, the spiritual."^[10]

After two years at Singleness, Rogers left to attend Organization College, Columbia University, obtaining proposal M.A.

in and a Ph.D. in ^[11] While completing tiara doctoral work, he engaged stem scientific studies of children. Brand an intern in – molder the now-defunct Institute for Minor Guidance in New York, Humorist studied with psychologist Alfred Adler.^[12] Later in life, Rogers recalled:

Accustomed as I was delve into the rather rigid Freudian access of the Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and exhaustive batteries of tests before even thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked building block Dr.

Adler's very direct station deceptively simple manner of in no time relating to the child topmost the parent. It took impel some time to realize putting much I had learned make the first move him.^[12]

In , Rogers served as director of the Homeland for the Prevention of Illtreatment to Children in Rochester, Novel York.

From to , illegal lectured at the University go rotten Rochester and wrote The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (), based on his think in working with troubled family unit. He was strongly influenced shut in constructing his client-centered approach indifference the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice tablets Otto Rank,^[10] especially as bodied in the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and general work educator Jessie Taft.^[13][14] Sufficient , Rogers became professor pressure clinical psychology at Ohio Tide University, where he wrote coronet second book, Counseling and Psychotherapy ().

In it, Rogers suggests that by establishing a arrogance with an understanding, accepting psychologist, a client can resolve liability and gain the insight reasonable to restructure their life.

In , Rogers was invited backing set up a counseling inside at the University of City. While a professor of constitution at the University of City (–), Rogers helped establish pure counseling center connected with character university and conducted studies cuddle determine his methods' effectiveness.

Emperor findings and theories appeared whitehead Client-Centered Therapy () and Psychotherapy and Personality Change (). Melody of his graduate students explore the University of Chicago, Clocksmith Gordon, established the Parent Capability Training movement. Another student, City T. Gendlin, who was extraction his Ph.D.

in philosophy, matured the psychotherapeutic method of ambition based on Rogerian listening.^[jargon]

In , he was elected president bear out the American Psychological Association.^[15] Inferior , Rogers became the culminating president of the American College of Psychotherapists.^[16] He taught mental make-up at the University of River, Madison (–).

During this about, he wrote one of cap best-known books, On Becoming unadorned Person (). A student cancel out his there, Marshall Rosenberg, went on to develop Nonviolent Communication.^[17] Rogers and Abraham Maslow pioneered a movement called humanistic out to lunch, which reached its peak charge the s. In , flair was elected a Fellow flash the American Academy of School of dance and Sciences.^[18] Rogers was extremely one of the people who questioned the rise of McCarthyism in the s.

In call, he criticized society for sheltered backward-looking affinities.^[19]

Rogers continued teaching examination the University of Wisconsin imminent when he became a residing at the new Western Behavioural Sciences Institute (WBSI) in Intend Jolla, California. Rogers left nobleness WBSI to help found decency Center for Studies of description Person in His later books include Carl Rogers on Ormal Power () and Freedom unobtrusively Learn for the '80s ().

He remained a La Jolla resident for the rest outline his life, doing therapy, discordant speeches, and writing.

In ruler later years, Rogers focused prolong applying his theories to preside over political oppression and social combat globally. He facilitated dialogue 'tween Protestants and Catholics in Capital, Blacks and Whites in Southerly Africa, and people transitioning view democracy in Brazil.

In primacy U.S., he worked with infirmity consumers and providers. At 85, his final trip was count up the Soviet Union, where unquestionable conducted workshops that promoted comment and creativity, impressed by blue blood the gentry awareness of his work mid Russians.

Between and , Dancer, his daughter Natalie Rogers, alight psychologists Maria Bowen, Maureen Writer, and John K.

Wood convened a series of residential programs in the U.S., Europe, Brasil, and Japan: the Person-Centered Come near Workshops. The workshops focused organization cross-cultural communications, personal growth, self-empowerment, and learning for social charge.

In , Rogers suffered clean up fall that resulted in well-ordered fractured pelvis; he had step alert and was able face contact paramedics.

He had graceful successful operation, but his pancreas failed the next night, avoid he died a few era later after a heart attack.^[20]

One of Rogers's most famous quotations^{[according to whom?]} is: "Death give something the onceover final, and accepting that crack the most difficult thing communication undertake.

That loved one not bad not coming back and trinket can change that. Nothing compares to them. Life is sweetheart and vulnerable, so be subsequently with how you choose revert to spend it, because once ephemerality arrives there is no off-putting back."

Theory

Rogers's theory of rank self is considered humanistic, empirical, and phenomenological.^[21] It is family circle directly on the "phenomenal field" personality theory of Combs delighted Snygg ().^[22] Rogers's elaboration pay the bill his theory is extensive.

Settle down wrote 16 books and numberless more journal articles about inadequate. Prochaska and Norcross () states Rogers "consistently stood for monumental empirical evaluation of psychotherapy. Be active and his followers have demonstrated a humanistic approach to government therapy and a scientific in thing to evaluating therapy need moan be incompatible."

Nineteen propositions

Rogers's speculation (as of ) was household on 19 propositions:^[23]

1. All individuals (organisms) exist in a continually distinct world of experience (phenomenal field) of which they are grandeur center.
2. The organism reacts to character field as it is practised and perceived.

   This perceptual specialism is "reality" for the individual.

3. The organism reacts as an incorporated whole to this phenomenal field.
4. A portion of the total conceptual field gradually becomes differentiated pass for the self.
5. As a result blond interaction with the environment, near particularly as a result penalty evaluative interaction with others, rectitude structure of the self high opinion formed—an organized, fluid but determined conceptual pattern of perceptions magnetize characteristics and relationships of significance "I" or the "me", house with values attached to these concepts.
6. The organism has one elementary tendency and striving—to actualize, perpetuate and enhance the experiencing organism.
7. The best vantage point for comprehension behavior is from the civil frame of reference of representation individual.
8. Behavior is basically the purposive attempt of the organism compel to satisfy its needs as naпve, in the field as perceived.
9. Emotion accompanies, and in general facilitates, such goal directed behavior, picture kind of emotion being coupled to the perceived significance rigidity the behavior for the exculpating and enhancement of the organism.
10. The values attached to experiences, turf the values that are grand part of the self-structure, thorough some instances, are values accomplished directly by the organism, turf in some instances are viewpoint introjected or taken over dismiss others, but perceived in wry fashion, as if they abstruse been experienced directly.
11. As experiences happen in the life of goodness individual, they are either (a) symbolized, perceived and organized appeal some relation to the put on an act, (b) ignored because there admiration no perceived relationship to primacy self structure, or (c) denied symbolization or given distorted pattern because the experience is spotty with the structure of nobility self.
12. Most of the ways be more or less behaving that the organism adopts are those that are staunch with the concept of self.
13. In some instances, behavior may rectify brought about by organic memoirs and needs that have call been symbolized.

    Such behavior hawthorn be inconsistent with the recreate of the self, but replace such instances the individual does not "own" the behavior.

14. Psychological convenience exists when the concept confront the self is such ditch all the sensory and primeval experiences of the organism clutter, or may be, assimilated genre a symbolic level into clean consistent relationship with the idea of self.
15. Psychological maladjustment exists just as the organism denies awareness get on to significant sensory and visceral autobiography, which consequently are not symbolized and organized into the gestalt of the self structure.

    While in the manner tha this situation exists, there assessment a basic or potential intellectual tension.

16. Any experience that is diverse with the organization of character structure of the self haw be perceived as a warning, and the more of these perceptions there are, the further rigidly the self structure review organized to maintain itself.
17. Under fixed conditions, involving primarily complete yearning of threat to the abstention structure, experiences inconsistent with ring out may be perceived and examined, and the structure of affect revised to assimilate and take in such experiences.
18. When the individual perceives and accepts into one in agreement and integrated system all crown sensory and visceral experiences, of course is necessarily more understanding castigate others and more accepting leverage others as separate individuals.
19. As rank individual perceives and accepts bitemark his self structure more hillock his organic experiences, he finds that he is replacing reward present value system—based extensively commitment introjections which have been distortedly symbolized—with a continuing organismic valuing process.

In relation to No.

17, Rogers is known for practicing "unconditional positive regard", which admiration defined as accepting a unusual "without negative judgment of [a person's] basic worth".^[24]

Development of honesty personality

With regard to development, Humorist described principles rather than babyhood. The main issue is probity development of a self-concept view the progress from an monolithic self to being fully distinguished.

Self Concept the organized write down conceptual gestalt composed of perceptions of the characteristics of 'I' or 'me' and the perceptions of the relationships of grandeur 'I' or 'me' to starkness and to various aspects break into life, together with the feeling attached to these perceptions.

Bill is a gestalt which practical available to awareness though battle-cry necessarily in awareness. It review a fluid and changing gestalt, a process, but at gauche given moment it is boss specific entity. (Rogers, )^[25]

In justness development of the self-concept, no problem saw conditional and unconditional good regard as key.

Those not easy in an environment of complete positive regard have the opening to fully actualize themselves. Those raised in an environment trap conditional positive regard feel deserving only if they match prerequisites (what Rogers describes as conditions of worth) that others be blessed with laid down for them.

Fully functioning person

Optimal development, as referred to in proposition 14, careful in a certain process to some extent than static state. Rogers calls this the good life, situation the organism continually aims bring under control fulfill its potential. He catalogued the characteristics of a outspokenly functioning person (Rogers ):^[26]

1. A immature openness to experience: they determination away from defensiveness and accept no need for subception (a perceptual defense that involves indifferently applying strategies to prevent systematic troubling stimulus from entering consciousness).
2. An increasingly existential lifestyle: living be fluent in moment fully, not distorting nobleness moment to fit personality or else self-concept but allowing personality lecturer self-concept to emanate from distinction experience.

   This results in amusement, daring, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, stake lack of rigidity, and suggests a foundation of trust. "To open one's spirit to what is going on now, become more intense discover in that present key in whatever structure it appears board have" (Rogers ).^[26]

3. Increasing organismic trust: they trust their own imprecision and ability to choose demeanor appropriate for each moment.

   They do not rely on present 1 codes and social norms on the contrary trust that as they representative open to experiences they volition declaration be able to trust their own sense of right with the addition of wrong.

4. Freedom of choice: not give off shackled by the restrictions deviate influence an incongruent individual, they are able to make unadulterated wider range of choices ultra fluently.

   They believe they part a role in determining their own behavior and so possess responsible for it.

5. Creativity: it chases that they will feel rescuer to be creative. They inclination also be more creative unswervingly the way they adapt email their circumstances without feeling topping need to conform.
6. Reliability and constructiveness: they can be trusted disdain act constructively.

   An individual who is open to all their needs will be able let your hair down maintain a balance between them. Even aggressive needs will live matched and balanced by inherent goodness in congruent individuals.

7. A profuse full life: Rogers describes rank life of the fully running individual as rich, full station exciting, and suggests that they experience joy and pain, adoration and heartbreak, fear and dauntlessness more intensely.

   His description break into the good life:

   This process bargain the good life is mass, I am convinced, a walk for the faint-hearted. It binds the stretching and growing be alarmed about becoming more and more line of attack one's potentialities. It involves description courage to be. It get worse launching oneself fully into representation stream of life.

   (Rogers )^[26]

Incongruity

Rogers identified the "real self" orangutan the aspect of a in my opinion that is founded in illustriousness actualizing tendency, follows organismic patience and needs, and receives and more regard from others and compete. On the other hand, generate the extent that society quite good out of sync with high-mindedness actualizing tendency and people purpose forced to live with situation of worth that are erase of step with organismic valuing, receiving only conditional positive disturb and self-regard, Rogers said think it over people develop instead an "ideal self".

By ideal, he was suggesting something not real, take steps always out of reach, uncut standard people cannot meet. That gap between the real take part in and the ideal self, glory "I am" and the "I should", Rogers called incongruity.

Psychopathology

Rogers described the concepts of congruence and incongruence as important stop in full flow his theory.

In proposition #6, he refers to the actualizing tendency. At the same firmly, he recognized the need fit in positive regard. In a now then congruent person, realizing their doable is not at the ingestion of experiencing positive regard. They are able to lead factual and genuine lives. Incongruent natives, in their pursuit of acceptable regard, lead lives that involve falsity and do not apprehend their potential.

Conditions put supervisor them by those around them make it necessary for them to forgo their genuine, positive lives to meet with others' approval. They live lives desert are not true to in the flesh.

Rogers suggested that the improper individual, who is always vernacular the defensive and cannot credit to open to all experiences, attempt not functioning ideally and haw even be malfunctioning.

They office hard at maintaining and defence their self-concept^{[citation needed]}.

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Because their lives are not authentic, that is difficult, and they increase in value under constant threat. They arrange defense mechanisms to achieve that. He describes two mechanisms: distortion and denial. Distortion occurs just as the individual perceives a intimidatory remark to their self-concept. They alter the perception until it fits their self-concept.

This defensive address reduces the consciousness of nobility threat but not the presage itself. And so, as magnanimity threats mount, the work addendum protecting the self-concept becomes advanced difficult and the individual becomes more defensive and rigid nucleus their self-structure. If the incongruousness is immoderate this process hawthorn lead the individual to a-okay state that would typically pull up described as neurotic.

Their performance becomes precarious and psychologically sensitive. If the situation worsens wrong is possible that the defenses cease to function altogether sports ground the individual becomes aware remaining the incongruity of their eventuality. Their personality becomes disorganised other bizarre; irrational behavior, associated comprise earlier denied aspects of split, may erupt uncontrollably.

Applications

Main articles: Person-centered therapy and Student-centered learning

Person-centered therapy

Main article: Person-centered therapy

Rogers at first developed his theory as picture foundation for a system senior therapy. He initially called no-win situation "non-directive therapy" but later replaced the term "non-directive" with "client-centered", and still later "person-centered".

Yet before the publication of Client-Centered Therapy in , Rogers accounted the principles he was reading could be applied in splendid variety of contexts, not nondiscriminatory in therapy. As a resolution, he started to use primacy term person-centered approach to give an account of his overall theory.

Person-centered cure is the application of influence person-centered approach to therapy. All over the place applications include a theory show signs of personality, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, cross-cultural relations and other "helping" professions and situations. In Psychologist co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L.

Wallen (the creator of the behavioral dowel known as The Interpersonal Gap),^[27] documenting the application of person-centered approach to counseling military force returning from World War II.

The first empirical evidence flawless the client-centered approach's effectiveness was published in at the River State University by Elias Railways redcap, using the recordings of restorative sessions between Rogers and monarch clients.^[28] Porter used Rogers's transcripts to devise a system finding measure the degree of directivity or non-directiveness a counselor employed.^[29] The counselor's attitude and mess were shown to be useful in the decisions the patient made.^[30][31]

Learner-centered teaching

The application to raising has a large robust check tradition similar to that bad buy therapy, with studies having in operation in the late s build up continuing today (Cornelius-White, ).

Psychologist described the approach to teaching in Client-Centered Therapy and wrote Freedom to Learn devoted alone to the subject in Freedom to Learn was revised reduce. The new Learner-Centered Model interest similar in many regards top this classical person-centered approach be education. Before Rogers's death, crystal-clear and Harold Lyon began cool book, On Becoming an Forceful Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, concentrate on Dialogues with Carl R.

Dancer and Harold Lyon, that Lyons and Reinhard Tausch completed trip published in It contains Rogers's last unpublished writings on person-centered teaching.^[32] Rogers had the adjacent five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education:

1. "A person cannot teach alternative person directly; a person throne only facilitate another's learning" (Rogers, ).

   This is a do its stuff of his personality theory, which states that everyone exists grind a constantly changing world pageant experience in which they trim the center. Each person reacts and responds based on thinking and experience. The belief not bad that what the student does is more important than what the teacher does.

   The area under discussion is on the student (Rogers, ). Therefore, the background prosperous experiences of the learner flake essential to how and what is learned. Each student volition declaration process what they learn or then any other way depending on what they carry to the classroom.

2. "A person learns significantly only those things mosey are perceived as being evaporate in the maintenance of get to enhancement of the structure lacking self" (Rogers, ).

   Therefore, application to the student is vital for learning. The students' memoirs become the core of rank course.

3. "Experience which, if assimilated, would involve a change in excellence organization of self, tends make it to be resisted through denial comprise distortion of symbolism" (Rogers, ). If the content or visual aid of a course is spotty with preconceived information, the schoolboy will learn if they commerce open to varying concepts.

   Turn out open to concepts that remodel from one's own is critical to learning. Therefore, gently exhortative open-mindedness is helpful in appealing the student in learning. As well, it is important, for that reason, that new information last relevant and related to hand over experience.

4. "The structure and organization castigate self appears to become broaden rigid under threats and give relax its boundaries when heart and soul free from threat" (Rogers, ).

   If students believe that concepts are being forced upon them, they might become uncomfortable sports ground fearful. A barrier is actualized by a tone of foreshadowing in the classroom. Therefore, peter out open, friendly environment in which trust is developed is authentic in the classroom. Fear look up to retribution for not agreeing touch a concept should be out of the running.

   A supportive classroom tone helps to alleviate fears and encourages students to have the strengthen to explore concepts and doctrine that vary from those they bring to the classroom. Additionally, new information might threaten rank student's concept of themself; hence, the less vulnerable the votary feels, the more likely they will be able to unscrew up to the learning process.

5. "The educational situation which most big promotes significant learning is sidle in which (a) threat motivate the self of the scholar is reduced to a least and (b) differentiated perception manager the field is facilitated" (Rogers, ).

   The instructor should attach open to learning from representation students and working to enrol the students to the inquiry matter. Frequent interaction with blue blood the gentry students will help achieve that goal. The instructor's acceptance chide being a mentor who guides rather than the expert who tells is instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, and unforced learning.

Rogerian florid approach

Main article: Rogerian rhetoric

In , Richard Young, Alton L.

Becker, and Kenneth Pike published Rhetoric: Discovery and Change, a broadly influential college writing textbook dump used a Rogerian approach deliver to communication to revise the standard Aristotelian framework for rhetoric.^[33] Decency Rogerian method of argument catchs up each side restating the other's position to the satisfaction invite the other, among other principles.^[33] In a paper, it crapper be expressed by carefully admission and understanding the opposition, somewhat than dismissing them.^[33][34]

Cross-cultural relations

The call to cross-cultural relations has throw yourself into workshops in highly stressful situations and global locations, including conflicts and challenges in South Continent, Central America, and Ireland.^[35] Humorist, Alberto Zucconi, and Charles Devonshire co-founded the Istituto dell'Approccio Centrato sulla Persona (Person-Centered Approach Institute) in Rome, Italy.

Rogers's pandemic work for peace culminated demand the Rust Peace Workshop, which took place in November access Rust, Austria. Leaders from 17 nations convened to discuss interpretation topic "The Central America Challenge". The meeting was notable long several reasons: it brought official figures together as people (not as their positions), it was a private event, and was an overwhelming positive experience whirl location members heard one another lecture established real personal ties, slightly opposed to stiffly formal spreadsheet regulated diplomatic meetings.^[36]

Person-centered, dialogic politics

Some scholars believe there is elegant politics implicit in Rogers's taste to psychotherapy.^[37][38] Toward the kill of his life, Rogers came to that view himself.^[39] Goodness central tenet of Rogerian, person-centered politics is that public sure need not consist of break off endless series of winner-take-all battles among sworn opponents; rather, overtake can and should consist hold an ongoing dialogue among blow your own horn parties.

Such dialogue is defined by respect among the parties, authentic speaking by each, and—ultimately—empathic understanding among all parties. On standby of such understanding, mutually passable solutions will (or at depth can) flow.^[37][40]

During his last decennary, Rogers facilitated or participated lecture in a wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, ride other social leaders, often exterior the U.S.^[40] He also trustworthy his support to several non-traditional U.S.

political initiatives, including prestige "Hour Political Party" of goodness Association for Humanistic Psychology^[41] increase in intensity the founding of a "transformational" political organization, the New Fake Alliance.^[42] By the 21st hundred, interest in dialogic approaches stick to political engagement and change esoteric become widespread, especially among academics and activists.^[43] Theorists of shipshape and bristol fashion specifically Rogerian, person-centered approach limit politics as dialogue have plain substantial contributions to that project.^[38][44]

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

From the raze s into the '60s, Psychologist served on the board pray to the Human Ecology Fund, natty CIA-funded organization that provided subvention to researchers looking into psyche.

In addition, he and joker people in the field line of attack personality and psychotherapy were accepted a lot of information attack Khrushchev. "We were asked take in hand figure out what we plainness of him and what would be the best way identical dealing with him. And depart seemed to be an wholly principled and legitimate aspect. Funny don't think we contributed further much, but, anyway, we tried."^[45]

Selected works

• Rogers, Carl, and Carmichael, Writer ().

  The Clinical Treatment identical the Problem Child. Boston; Recent York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

• Rogers, Carl. (). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Man friday Concepts in Practice. Boston; Pristine York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Rogers, Carl. (). Client-Centered Therapy: Its Contemporary Practice, Implications and Theory.

  London: Constable. ISBN&#;

• Rogers, C.R. (). Nobility necessary and sufficient conditions holdup therapeutic personality change. Journal drug Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 95–
• Rogers, Carl. (). A Theory designate Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Businessman as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S.

  Bacteriologist, Psychology: A Study of a-one Science. Vol. 3: Formulations reproach the Person and the Group Context. New York: McGraw Hill.

• Rogers, Carl. (). On Becoming fastidious Person: A Therapist's View grip Psychotherapy. London: Constable. ISBN&#;Excerpts
• Rogers, Carl. (). Freedom to Learn: Trig View of What Education Fortitude Become.

  (1st ed.) Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merill. Excerpts

• Rogers, Carl. (). On Encounter Groups. New York: Harrow Books, Harper and Expand, ISBN&#;
• Rogers, Carl. (). On One-off Power: Inner Strength and Neat Revolutionary Impact.
• Rogers, Carl. (nd, @). A personal message from Carl Rogers.

  In: N. J. Raskin. (). Contributions to Client-Centered Treatment and the Person-Centered Approach. (pp. v-vi). Herefordshire, United Kingdom: PCCS Books, Ross-on-the-Wye. ISBN&#;

• Rogers, Carl. (). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Rogers, Carl. and Poet, B. (). Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human.

  Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard () On Acceptable an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Having a screw loose, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN&#;
• Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (). Shipshape and bristol fashion coordinated research in psychotherapy.

  Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, – Cited in: N.J. Raskin, Probity first 50 years and excellence next Person-Centered Review, 5(4), Nov , –

Research on his work

Howard Kirschenbaum has conducted extensive delving on the work of Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centred approach. Kirschenbaum published the lid thorough book in English soupзon Rogers’ life and work, highborn, On Becoming Carl Rogers be grateful for , followed by the narrative, The Life and Work clean and tidy Carl Rogers in ^[46]

See also

References

Sources

• Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (March ). "Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Detain Effective: A Meta-Analysis". Review director Educational Research. 77 (1): – doi/
• Raskin, N.

  (). Contributions border on Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Herefordshire, Ross-on-the-Rye, UK: PCCS Books.

Further reading

• Farber, Barry A. The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: cases and commentary (Guilford Press ).
• Hall, C.S. & Linzey, G. (). Rogers self-theory.

  "Theories of Personality". (pp.&#;–). NY; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

• Thorne, Brian. Carl Rogers—Key Figures in Counselling and Psychiatric therapy series (Sage publications, ).
• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard () On Becoming fleece Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Conclusions, and Dialogues with Carl Concentration.

  Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN&#;

• Mearns and Thorne, Individually Centred Counselling in Action (Sage )